????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????

Hist ??????? ?????????: 1950 ?? ??????? ??? ??????, ??.??. ??????? ????? ??????. ??????? ??? - ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????). ????? 1958 ?? ??????? "??? ???? ?????????? ????????", ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? (?????? ?? ???? ???????) ????????? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????) (()?????????? ?????? - ??????????). ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????) (()?????????? ?????? - ??????????). ? ???????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????) (()?????????? ?????? - ??????????).

????, ??????? ??? ??? (??????) ??????

?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????:

• ????: ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? object ??????? ???? ??. (? ?????, ??? ???? "?????" ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??.) ?????????? ???? ?? .???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? 1.0 ± 0.25 ???? ???? ?????? ??? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????).

• ???: ???????? ??????? ????????? object ????????? ??? ??? ?? (?????? ?????, ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??). ? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? - ??? ???? 4.0 ± 0.8 ???? ???? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????).

• ???: ???????? ??????? object ??????? (??.?. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????) ?? ???? ??? ??. ? ???? ??????? ????? ??, ???? ???????? ?? 6.4 ± 1.5 ???? ???? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????).

(?????????? ~ 1.4 ???? ???? ?? ?? ????????? "??????????" ????? ?? ???????? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????).?????????? ?????? - ??????????). ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????????, ? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? 1, 3 ??? 6 ???? ????? ?????? 50% ??????? ???? (?????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???).

(??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? - 17,246+ ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????) ?. ???????? ???? ???? - ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? (???? ???? ??????); ??? ??? ???? (???? ??????) ??? ??, ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??, ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???. ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????) (()?????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???).

?????????? ?????? (???? ?????????)

????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? 50% ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????):

• ???? (object ????????? ?????): ?????? ?? ~ 1.0 ???? ???? (50% ???????) (?????????? ?????? - ??????????).

• ??????? (object ????????? ????): ?????? ?? ~ 4.0 ???? ????? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????).

• ??? (??????? object ???????): ?????? ?? ~ 6.4 ???? ????? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????).

? ?????? ???? ?????? - ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??. (???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??, ???? ??.?. 1.0 ???? ???? ≈ 2 ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????).) ??? ??????? 1 - 3 - 6 ?????? ?????? ??? "??????" ????? ????? ???? - ??????? - ??? - ??? ???? ???????? (?????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???). ?????? ?????, ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? 1 ????, ??????? ???? 3 ??? ??? ???? 6 ?? ????? ??? ?? (?????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???). (??.??. ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? 0.75, 1.5, 3 ??? 6 ?????? ?????, ????????, ?????, ?????, ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? (?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????).)

????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??: ???? N ?????? ???? ????, ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? (??????? ???? ????? id ?? - ??? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?? 50% ????). ?? ??, ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? "???????? ????" ????? ???????? ????? ??.

??????? ???? (???? ??? ??????)

?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??, ??????, ?????? opt ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? (???? - ???? ?????) ????, ?? ???? ?? (???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????):

?? n ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??, h_o ????????? ???????? ?? (??) ??, f ????? ????????? ????? ?? (??????? ??? ???? ???? ????), p ??????? ??? ?? (??????? ???????? ???????? ????), ??? R ???????? ?????? ??. ? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??: ????? ?????? (???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????) ??? ?? n, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? n (???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????). ?? N ?????? ????? ???? ???? (????????? ?????????) ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??

?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? N (???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????). ???? ? ????, ??????? ??? (???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????) ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??. ? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? - ????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??/??/?? ??????? ????? ?? .?? ???? ??????? ??? ??.

???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????

?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??. ??????????, ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??:

• ?????? ?? ??? ?????????: ???? (ler ??? ???? ?????) ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??; ? ? ????, ???? ?????????? ??????????? (??.?. ??????????? ???? ????) ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??. ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ～2 ° ?? ???????? ????? ??. ???? ???? ???? - ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? (?? ?????? ?????).

• ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????: ??????? ????, ????? ????????? (???? p) ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? f ????????? ?????. ??????, ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? (??????) ??? opt ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??. ????????? ????????, ???? opt ??????? (???? ??????) ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? (???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????).

• ????????? ??????????: ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??. ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? (f_t = exp (- r/l_r)) ????????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???? ???? (?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????). ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? (?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????). ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??, ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? (?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????) (()?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????).

• ????????? ?????: ?? ???? - ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??. ??????? ????? ?? ?? "?? ?????" ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ~ 0.5 ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??, ????? "???? ?????" ?????????? 2.5 ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? (50% ???? ???? (?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????). ??????????, ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??.

• ?????? - ???? ???????? (??????) ??? ?????? ????: ????? ?????????? ???? ???? (NETD) ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??. ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??. ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??.??.??. ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??: ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? (?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????).

???? ?????, ? ???????? ???? ? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??. ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????, ?????? ?????????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? "?????? ??????" (???? ????????? ??? ??? ????) ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??. ??????? ????, ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??.

?????? ??????

??????? ???????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??/??/?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??. ?????? ?????:

• ??????: 2 ???? tall ??? ??????? (h_o = 2 ??) ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? f = 50 ???? ??? ??????? ??? p = 20μm (= 0.02 ????). ?????????? 1 - ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????,

  $$R _ {\ rm dit} = \ ????? {2 \, \ ??????? {??} \ ??? 50 \, \ ??????? {????}} {2 \ ??? 0.02 \, \ ??????? {????} \ ??? 1 \ \ ???? 2500 \ \ ??????? {??}.$$

  ??????? (≈3 ????) ??? ??? (≈6 ????) ????, ????? ???????? ≈833M ??? ≈417M ??? ??? ?? (???? ?? $ r \ propto1/n $).

• ??????? ??????: ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? (???? ?????? ~ 0.95 ??) ??? 17μm ????????? ??? 16.75 ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??. 3 - ????? ????????? ????? ????, ??? ???? 157 ?????? 50% ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??. (???? ????? ????, ?????? ????? $ r \ ???? (0.95 \ ??? 16.75)/(2 \ ?????? 0.017 \ ?????? 3) \ ???? 157 $ ??, ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????.)

• ???????? ??????: ????? ????????????? (???? ?????????, ?????? ???), ????????? ???? - - ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??. ????? ?????, ?? ????? ~ 2000 ?? ????????, ~ 667 ?? ??????? ??? 1.8 ?? ??????? ???? 333 ?? ??? ?????? (?????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???).

? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??. ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??.

????

????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????????:

• ?????? ??? ???????: ???? ???? ?????? ????????????????????? ?????? - ??????????). ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? (????? ?? ?????) ? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??. ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? 1 - 3 - 6 ???? - - ?????? ???? ?????? - ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??.

• ??? ??? ???? / ???????: ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??, ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ??. ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??ect??? 1 ??.??. ?????? 400 ?? ??. ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??.

• ????????? ??? ????? ???????: ???? ???????, ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??. (?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ize ?????? ????? ??; ??.?. ???? ??????? ???????????? ??, ??, ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ??.)

???? ?????????, ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (??????????, opt ???????, ??????? ??) ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? (???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????) ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??.

???????? ??? ?????? ???????

???? ???????? ???? ????, ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????. ?? ?? ??????????, ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? - ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??:

• ??? ????: ?? ?? ???? ?????????, ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? - ??????????? ???????? ???? ??. ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???. ??????????, ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? (??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? (?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????).

• ?????????? ?????? ????? ??: ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? (?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????) (()?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????). ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??.

• ???? ??????: ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???; ?? ???????? ?????, ?????, ???, ???????? ????????? ????? ??. ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? (?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????).

• ?????? ??? ??????????: ????? ????? ???? ?????? (????????? ??? opt ???????) ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??. ????? ?????? ???? (NETD), ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???. ????? board ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??, ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??.

• ??????? ?????: ?????? ~ 50% ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??. ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???, ???? ??? ???? - ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??.

? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??. ?????? ?????, ??.??. ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? (???? ???? 0.75 ????, ?????) ?? ???????? ??? ?? (??? ??????? ??????? (?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????). ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??. ????????? ???? - ???????? ?????????? (??? ?? ?? - ????/?? - ??? ?????? (?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????) ???? ????? ?????????. ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? (??.?. ?????? operating ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????) ???? ??? ??????????? ????. ??? ????, ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? - ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??.

??????, ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??. "?????? ?? ???? ????" ?? ???????? ????, ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ?? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???? ? camera ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????) (()???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????). ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? - ????? ???????? ????? ???? ? ????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? (??? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????) (()?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????).

?????: ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????) ??? ?????????? ?????? (?????????? ?????? - ??????????) (()?????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???). ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? - ????? ???????????? ?????? ?? (???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????). ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?? - ?? ?????? (?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????) (()?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????). ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? (?????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???).